{ "The Topic": "Copyright Law", "factoid": [ { "year": "1403", "image": "./images/The_Stationers'_Company_Mark.png", "name": "The Stationer's Guild", "description": [ "Better known as the Worshipful Company of Stationers, the Stationer's Guild of the City of London (UK; founded in 1403) was granted a monopoly on publishing by way of royal charter in 1557. Along with it came the right to burn books, control access to printed information, and maintain their corporate privileges at all costs. Seems like a great bunch of folks, doesn't it? We need not wonder why copyright is problematic. It has always been an obstacle to the free flow of information, and often the very notion of freedom itself.


" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers", "words to link": "Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Stationers%27_Company_Mark.png", "words to link": "Image: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain)" } ] }, { "year": "1710", "image": "./images/gutenberg.jpg", "name": "The Statute of Anne", "description": [ "Jumping ahead more than 300 years (and skipping the bit about Oliver Cromwell trouncing the Stationer's Guild), we encounter the first time that the \"right to copy\" was ensconced in law. The Copyright Act of 1710, better known as the \"Statute of Anne\", is the birth of the term \"copyright\".


" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/105281175@N05/13156441853", "words to link": "Image: La geste pantagruélique (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)" } ] }, { "year": "1789", "image": "./images/we-the-people.png", "name": "Article 1, Section 8", "description": [ "While the Statute of Anne introduced western jurisprudence to the \"right to copy\", the purpose of copyright law was enshrined in the Constitution of the United States of America in Article 1, Section 8, commonly known as \"the commerce clause\". The copyright clause states that:

", "\"The Congress shall have power to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries\".
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Constitution.jpg", "words to link": "Image: Page One of The Consitution of The United States of America (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress", "words to link": "Article I, Secion 8: The Constitution of The United States of America (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Clause", "words to link": "The Copyright Clause of The Constitution of The United States of America (Public Domain)" } ] }, { "year": "1789", "image": "./images/expression-not-idea.png", "name": "Expressions, not ideas", "description": [ "One of the most common misconceptions about copyright in general is the question of when it goes into effect. Simply put, your copyright on a creative expression goes into effect the instant you express your idea and fix it into a form. If you have a great idea, but you never express it in such a way that the rest of the world can encounter it, copyright does not apply.

", "There is a lot more complexity that goes into this concept, but that is the reality in the simplest form. Common law understanding and legal jargon leave much to be discussed below...

" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/search/?q=megaphone&i=78924", "words to link": "Image: \"Megaphone\" by Luis Prado, US (CC BY 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/2-1-copyright-basics/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/2-1-copyright-basics/", "words to link": "Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 2.1: \"Copyright Basics\"" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/branch.png", "name": "The Four Branches", "description": [ "In reality, the intellectual property landscape is among the most complicated areas of our legal system. It is composed of four primary branches:

", "\n
", "Let's briefly discuss patents, trademarks and trade secrets...

" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/branch/2279434/", "words to link": "Image: Branch by Olga (CC BY 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 2.1: \"Copyright Basics\"" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/patent-invention.png", "name": "Patents", "description": [ "Patents, unlike copyright, are not automatic and require application to the appropriate patent office and approval of that application. In the United States, the controlling authority is the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).

", "Patents protect inventions and provide inventors \"the exclusive right to make, have made, use, have used, offer for sale, sell, have sold, or import patentable inventions\" for a limited time, up to 20 years.

", "\"The", "Design Patents last 14 years and \"protect the unique way a manufactured object appears.\"
", "\"The", "Utility Patents last 20 years and \"protect inventions that have a specific function, including things like chemicals, machines, and technology.\"", "\"The", "Plant Patents last 20 years and \"protect plant varieties that are asexually reproduced, including hybrids.\"
", "Patents, like copyright and other forms of intellectual property law, can be very controversial.
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/invention/201424/", "words to link": "Image: \"Invention\" by USPTO, US (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/design-patent/201427/", "words to link": "Image: \"Design Patent\" by USPTO, US (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/utility-patent/201420/", "words to link": "Image: \"Utility Patent\" by USPTO, US (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/plant-patent/201422/", "words to link": "Image: \"Plant Patent\" by USPTO, US (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 2.1: \"Copyright Basics\"" }, { "citation": "https://www.alllaw.com/topics/intellectual_property", "words to link": "Intellectual Property by AllLaw.com" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/tm.png", "name": "Trademarks", "description": [ "Trademarks protect brand identity and the reputation of the trademark holder by allowing the holder to prevent the general public from becoming confused about the creator of goods, services and establshments.

" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Image: Vectorstall, UK (CC BY 3.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grumpy_Cat_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg", "words to link": "Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 2.1: \"Copyright Basics\"" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/trade-secret.png", "name": "Trade Secrets", "description": [ "The trade secret provisions of intellectual property law cover areas that should be covered by the above three branches, but are so sensitive that publication of the information would render it much less valuable to the entity that controls the secrets.

", "Unlike the other types of intellectual property, trade secrets are not protected through registration of the information, but instead are only protected as long as the holder of the secret can manage to keep it a secret.
", "Common examples of trade secrets that you interact with all the time include:
", "\n
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/trade-secret/201432/", "words to link": "Image: \"Trade Secret\" by USPTO, US (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://www.upcounsel.com/intellectual-property-protection", "words to link": "Upcounsel.com: Intellectual Property Protection" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/public-domain.png", "name": "Whose stuff? Our stuff!", "description": [ "When information escapes the monopolistic clutches of intellectual propety law, it enters the public domain. The idea of a public domain is foundational to the idea of the Creative Commons itself.
", "There are four common ways info reaches the public domain:

", "\n
" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://thenounproject.com/term/public-domain/669", "words to link": "Image: \"Public Domain\" by Public Domain Nouns" }, { "citation": "https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/public-domain/welcome/", "words to link": "\"Welcome to the Public Domain\" by The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (CC BY-NC 3.0)" } ] }, { "year": "2002", "image": "./images/Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg.png", "name": "A New Beginning", "description": [ "The cumulative effect of the widespread adoption of the web as a publishing platform and the loss in the Eldred case led Lawrence Lessig, with the help of Aaron Swartz and others, to launch the Creative Commons licenses in 2002. This codified an ethos of openness and sharing that arose in the early days of the web, reflecting the innate human desire to share our stories which are invariably built on the stories of those who came before us. This idea is actually reflected in some implementations of copyright law around the world, commonly known as \"fair use\" or \"fair dealing\", though as we will soon see, the \"fair\" part is not nearly as fair as it once was in The United States.


" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "http://www.openculture.com/2010/10/art_builds_upon_art_a_new_nina_paley_video.html", "words to link": "Open Culture" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.1: \"The Story of Creative Commons\"" }, { "citation": "https://creativecommons.org/2013/01/12/remembering-aaron-swartz/", "words to link": "Creative Commons: Remembering Aaron Swartz (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software", "words to link": "Wikipedia: Open-source Software (CC BY-SA 3.0)" }, { "citation": "http://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder/CC/timeline.json", "words to link": "Derivative of \"A Brief History of Creative Commons\" by Patrick T. Lafferty (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "http://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder/CC/timeline.json", "words to link": "Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/fair-use.png", "name": "Fair Use", "description": [ "Also known as §107 of the Copyright Act, \"fair use is a legal doctrine that promotes freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances.\"

", "Key areas of intellectual pursuit are theoretically protected from copyright overreach by the concept of fair use, including:
", "\n
", "The emphasis on \"theoretically\" above is due to the impossibility of knowing if your use is fair. Even the most practiced legal hand cannot tell a client that they are engaged in a \"fair use\" of someone else's intellectucal property. In fact, the only way anyone knows for sure that their use is fair is to be sued by a copyright holder and have the matter adjudicated against the copyright holder. Fair hardly seems the appropriate term here. More on that and the four part test that the judge would apply, coming soon...

" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fair_use_logo.svg", "words to link": "Image: \"Fair Use Logo\" by Óðinn (Public Domain)" }, { "citation": "https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/more-info.html", "words to link": "\"More information on Fair Use\" by US Copyright Office (Public Domain)" } ] }, { "year": "2019", "image": "./images/data_icon1.svg", "name": "A better way", "description": [ "When the Creative Commons launched in 2002, it was not clear how the world would react. Few would predict that by 2019, we would have 1.4 billion works (and growing, as this is typed) licensed under one flavor or another of the Creative Commons licenses launched 17 years earlier. While the power of the content cartel remains in 2019, the Creative Commons stands strong today as a shining instance of the essential wisdom captured in a quote attributed to cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead, \"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.\"


" ], "citation": [ { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/website-icons", "words to link": "Icon: \"Data\" by The Noun Project (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": "Derivative of September 2019 Creative Commons Certificate Course (CC BY 4.0)" }, { "citation": "https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-2-creative-commons-today/", "words to link": " Adapted by Patrick T. Lafferty from Unit 1.2: \"Creative Commons Today\"" } ] } ], "dct:title": "Timeline Builder", "cc:attributionName": "https://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder/", "dct:title2": "A Brief History of Creative Commons", "cc:attributionName2": "https://prof.lafferty.me/timelinebuilder" }